SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Resolver (electrical)</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Resolver (electrical)</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>A <b>resolver</b> is a type of rotary electrical <a href="Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> used for measuring degrees of rotation. It is considered an <a href="Analog_device" title="Analog device">analog device</a>, and has digital counterparts such as the digital resolver, <a href="Rotary_encoder" title="Rotary encoder">rotary (or pulse) encoder</a>. A rotating coil induces voltage in two stationary coils, and by comparing the phase of the signal in the two secondaries, the angle can be accurately determined. These systems were commonly used in mechanical control systems, for instance, counting the number of revolutions of a <a href="Screw_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw jack">screw jack</a> to move an aircraft's <a href="Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flaps</a> to a specific extension.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>The most common type of resolver is the brushless transmitter resolver (other types are described at the end). On the outside, this type of resolver may look like a small <a href="Electrical_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical motor">electrical motor</a> having a stator and rotor. On the inside, the configuration of the wire windings makes it different. The stator portion of the resolver houses three windings: an exciter winding and two two-phase windings, usually labeled "x" and "y". The exciter winding is located on the top and is mounted such that it can rotate around the horizontal axis to produce a <a href="Rotary_transformer" title="Rotary transformer">rotary transformer</a>. The two two-phase windings windings are on the bottom, wound on a lamination and mounted at 90 degrees from each other. The rotor houses a coil, which is the secondary winding of the rotating transformer, and a separate primary winding in a lamination, exciting the two two-phase windings on the stator.

</p><p>The primary winding of the transformer, fixed to the stator, is excited by a sinusoidal electric current, which by <a href="Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a> induces current in the rotor. As these windings are arranged on the axis of the resolver, the same current is induced no matter what its position. This current then flows through the other winding on the rotor, in turn inducing current in its secondary windings, the two-phase windings back on the stator. The two two-phase windings produce a sine and cosine feedback current. The relative magnitudes of the two-phase voltages are measured and used to determine the angle of the rotor relative to the stator. Upon one full revolution, the feedback signals repeat their waveforms. This device may also appear in non-brushless type, i.e., only consisting in two lamination stacks, rotor and stator.

</p><p>Resolvers can perform very accurate analog conversion from polar to rectangular coordinates. Shaft angle is the polar angle, and excitation voltage is the magnitude. The outputs are the [x] and [y] components. Resolvers with four-lead rotors can rotate [x] and [y] coordinates, with the shaft position giving the desired rotation angle.

</p><p>Resolvers with four output leads are general sine/cosine computational devices. When used with electronic driver amplifiers and feedback windings tightly coupled to the input windings, their accuracy is enhanced, and they can be cascaded ("resolver chains") to compute functions with several terms, perhaps of several angles, such as gun (position) orders corrected for ship's roll and pitch.

</p><p>For the position evaluation, resolver-to-digital converters are commonly used. They convert the sine and cosine signal to a binary signal (10 to 16 bits wide) that can more easily be used by the controller.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<p>Basic resolvers are two-pole resolvers, meaning that the angular information is the mechanical angle of the stator. These devices can deliver the absolute angle position. Other types of resolver are multipole resolvers. They have 2<i>p</i> poles (<i>p</i> pole pairs), and thus can deliver <i>p</i> cycles in one rotation of the rotor: the electrical angle is <i>p</i> times the mechanical angle. Some types of resolvers include both types, with the 2-pole windings used for absolute position and the multipole windings for accurate position. Two-pole resolvers can usually reach angular accuracy up to about ±5<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span>, whereas a multipole resolver can provide better accuracy, up to 10″ for 16-pole resolvers, to even 1″ for 128-pole resolvers.

</p><p>Multipole resolvers may also be used for monitoring multipole electrical motors. This device can be used in any application in which the exact rotation of an object relative to another object is needed, such as in a rotary <a href="Antenna_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (electronics)">antenna</a> platform or a robot. In practice, the resolver is usually directly mounted to an electric motor. The resolver feedback signals are usually monitored for multiple revolutions by another device. This allows for geared reduction of assemblies being rotated and improved accuracy from the resolver system.

</p><p>Because the power supplied to the resolvers produces no actual work, the voltages used are usually low (<24 VAC) for all resolvers. Resolvers designed for terrestrial use tend to be driven at 50–60 Hz (<a href="Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">utility frequency</a>), while those for marine or aviation use tend to operate at 400 Hz (the frequency of the on-board generator driven by the engines). Aerospace applications utilize 2,930 Hz to 10 kHz at voltages ranging from 4 V<sub>RMS</sub> to 10 V<sub>RMS</sub>. Many of the aerospace applications are used to determine the position of an actuator or torque motor position. <a href="Control_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Control systems">Control systems</a> tend to use higher frequencies (5 kHz).

</p><p>Other types of resolver include:

</p>

<dl><dt>Receiver resolvers</dt>

<dd>These resolvers are used in the opposite way to transmitter resolvers (the type described above). The two diphased windings are energized, the ratio between the sine and the cosine representing the electrical angle. The system turns the rotor to obtain a zero voltage in the rotor winding. At this position, the mechanical angle of the rotor equals the electrical angle applied to the stator.</dd>

<dt>Differential resolvers</dt>

<dd>These types combine two diphased primary windings in one of the stacks of sheets, as with the receiver, and two diphased secondary windings in the other. The relation of the electrical angle delivered by the two secondary windings and the other angles is secondary electrical angle, mechanical angle, and primary electrical angle. These types were used, for instance, as analog trigonometric-function calculators.</dd></dl>

<p>A related type is also the transolver, combining a two-phase winding like the resolver and a triphased winding like the <a href="Synchro" title="Synchro">synchro</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="CORDIC" title="CORDIC">CORDIC</a>, an algorithm used to calculate hyperbolic and trigonometric functions</li>

<li><a href="Incremental_encoder" title="Incremental encoder">Incremental encoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchro" title="Synchro">Synchro</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amci.com/tutorials/tutorials-what-is-resolver.asp">AMCI Resolver Tutorial</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.servomotorsadjust.com/en/resolver/">What is a resolver?</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transformer_topics73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Transformer_topics73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balun" title="Balun">Balun</a></li>

<li><a href="Buchholz_relay" title="Buchholz relay">Buchholz relay</a></li>

<li><a href="Bushing_(electrical)" title="Bushing (electrical)">Bushing</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_tap" title="Center tap">Center tap</a></li>

<li><a href="Circle_diagram" title="Circle diagram">Circle diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Condition_monitoring_of_transformers" title="Condition monitoring of transformers">Condition monitoring of transformers</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Growler_(electrical_device)" title="Growler (electrical device)">Growler</a></li>

<li><a href="High-leg_delta" title="High-leg delta">High-leg delta</a></li>

<li><a href="Induction_regulator" title="Induction regulator">Induction regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Leakage_inductance" title="Leakage inductance">Leakage inductance</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnet_wire" title="Magnet wire">Magnet wire</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadyne" title="Metadyne">Metadyne</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-circuit_test" title="Open-circuit test">Open-circuit test</a></li>

<li><a href="Polarity_(mutual_inductance)" title="Polarity (mutual inductance)">Polarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure_relief_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure relief valve">Pressure relief valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadrature_booster" title="Quadrature booster">Quadrature booster</a></li>

<li><a href="Resonant_inductive_coupling" title="Resonant inductive coupling">Resonant inductive coupling</a></li>

<li><a href="Severity_factor" title="Severity factor">Severity factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Short-circuit_test" title="Short-circuit test">Short-circuit test</a></li>

<li><a href="Stacking_factor" title="Stacking factor">Stacking factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchro" title="Synchro">Synchro</a></li>

<li><a href="Tap_changer" title="Tap changer">Tap changer</a></li>

<li><a href="Toroidal_inductors_and_transformers" title="Toroidal inductors and transformers">Toroidal inductors and transformers</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer_oil" title="Transformer oil">Transformer oil</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dissolved_gas_analysis" title="Dissolved gas analysis">Dissolved gas analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer_oil_testing" title="Transformer oil testing">Transformer oil testing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transformer_utilization_factor" title="Transformer utilization factor">Transformer utilization factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_group" title="Vector group">Vector group</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transformer_types" title="Transformer types">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autotransformer" title="Autotransformer">Autotransformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Buck%E2%80%93boost_transformer" title="Buck–boost transformer">Buck–boost transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Distribution_transformer" title="Distribution transformer">Distribution transformer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pad-mounted_transformer" title="Pad-mounted transformer">Pad-mounted transformer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Delta-wye_transformer" title="Delta-wye transformer">Delta-wye transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_efficient_transformer" title="Energy efficient transformer">Energy efficient transformer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Amorphous_metal_transformer" title="Amorphous metal transformer">Amorphous metal transformer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flyback_transformer" title="Flyback transformer">Flyback transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Grounding_transformer" title="Grounding transformer">Grounding transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Instrument_transformer" title="Instrument transformer">Instrument transformer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Current_transformer" title="Current transformer">Current transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltage_transformer" title="Voltage transformer">Voltage transformer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Isolation_transformer" title="Isolation transformer">Isolation transformer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Austin_transformer" title="Austin transformer">Austin transformer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Linear_variable_differential_transformer" title="Linear variable differential transformer">Linear variable differential transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Parametric_transformer" title="Parametric transformer">Parametric transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Planar_transformer" title="Planar transformer">Planar transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_transformer" title="Rotary transformer">Rotary transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_variable_differential_transformer" title="Rotary variable differential transformer">Rotary variable differential transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott-T_transformer" title="Scott-T transformer">Scott-T transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_transformer" title="Solid-state transformer">Solid-state transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Trigger_transformer" title="Trigger transformer">Trigger transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable-frequency_transformer" title="Variable-frequency transformer">Variable-frequency transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Zigzag_transformer" title="Zigzag transformer">Zigzag transformer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hybrid_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid coil">Hybrid coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">Induction coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Oudin_coil" title="Oudin coil">Oudin coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyphase_coil" title="Polyphase coil">Polyphase coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Repeating_coil" title="Repeating coil">Repeating coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Trembler_coil" title="Trembler coil">Trembler coil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li>

<li><a href="ProlecGE" title="ProlecGE">ProlecGE</a></li>

<li><a href="Schneider_Electric" title="Schneider Electric">Schneider Electric</a></li>

<li><a href="Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Resolver_(electrical)&oldid=1294894295">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>